Ethical Issues in Human Services Organizations - 2118 Words

Ethical Issues in Human Services Organizations Nutritional well-being plays an essential role in the overall health, independence, and quality of life of older persons as well as disabled persons. This nation has a responsibility to at risk populations such as the elderly. Today, there are close to 6 million seniors in the United States facing the threat of hunger. Some of these citizens were raised during the Great Depression, they went on to protect our independence in the Second World War and won the cold war. Americas older citizens have been called the greatest generation by many. It is morally wrong that the citizens that built this country should suffer starvation in this land of plenty, which they helped to form. Our country†¦show more content†¦Privacy Workers should respect clients’ right to privacy. Workers should not seek private information from clients unless it is crucial to providing services or conducting work evaluation or research. Discrimination Workers should not practice, forgive, assist, or collaborate with any form of discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration status, or mental or physical disability. Dishonesty Social workers should not participate in, condone, or be associated with dishonesty or fraud. Any instances of misconduct should be reported to management immediately. Impairment Workers should not allow their own individual problems, social distress, legal problems, substance abuse, or mental health difficulties to obstruct their professional judgment and performance or to risk the best interests of people for whom they have a professional responsibility. If workers are having issues, immediately seek consultation and take appropriate corrective action by seeking professional help and taking any other steps necessary to care for clients and others. Integrity of the Profession Workers should work to maintain and promote high standards of practice and support and advance the values, ethics, knowledge, and mission of the company. Unethical Conduct of Colleagues Workers shouldShow MoreRelatedHr Functions and Organizational Ethics1261 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 5, 2010 Human Resources professionals are responsible for several roles in the workplace, including implementing and managing policies, recruiting and retention, and training and development. The HR department is responsible for making sure that organizations conduct business ethically and that shareholders are treated ethically. The HR department must be able to monitor compliance with federal and state laws and regulations as well as monitor the conduct of the organization. ImplementingRead MoreIdentifying The Right Candidate As The Biggest Challenge A Human Resource Professional Faces1137 Words   |  5 Pagesbiggest challenge a human resource professional faces. 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How Does Steinbeck Present the Character of Curleys Wife Free Essays

How does Steinbeck present the character of Curleys Wife? In this essay I am going to be assessing the character Curleys Wife from Steinbeck’s book Of Mice And Men. The book is set in the 1930s during the Great Depression it features two farm workers called George and Lennie. The travel around together in search of work sharing a dream of a place of their own, a small ranch where they can live and work for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Steinbeck Present the Character of Curleys Wife or any similar topic only for you Order Now It tells the story of how violence may erupt to destroy those dreams. Curleys wife is a character in the book who from the brief encounters with her is presented in two ways. Firstly the dangerous, flirtatious character who isn’t trusted by the rest of the ranch workers but then later one we realize how she is just a victim of loneliness with her being the only girl on the ranch and how she too has an incomplete American Dream to pursue an acting career. Curleys wife is a very important character and is heavily involved in the outcome of the story when George ends up shooting Lennie however there is the question of her innocence. Before we meet Curleys wife, Steinbeck deliberately gives us a first impression of her to let us know their honest views on her with Candy and Georges conversation. Candy starts by saying â€Å"Wait’ll you see Curleys wife. †, this makes us anticipated of her and gives us an expectation of what is going to be said about her. During the conversation the only positive thing said was that she was â€Å"purty†. She is portrayed as being flirty and not satisfied with her husband when Candy claims â€Å"Married two weeks and got the eye? Maybe that’s why Curleys pants is full of ants. † This makes the reader think because if they were newlywed they should be on their honeymoon period however one is overly flirtatious and the metaphor â€Å"pants is full of ants† shows the others paranoid over her, this gives us the sense something’s not right with their relationship. Steinbeck exaggerates the use of the phrase â€Å"the eye† to mirror the fact she repeatedly flirts with the men in search of attention. Steinbeck describes her negatively when he refers to her as a â€Å"tart† when Candy says â€Å"well i think Curleys married†¦ a tart†, the ellipsis shows Candy’s unsure whether he should refer to her in such an insulting manner but he chooses to anyway. The conversation prejudices Curleys wife before we even meet her and the fact George thinks she will be trouble prepares the reader for future events. Steinbeck uses his description of Curleys wife carefully to give us a certain first impression on her before finding out more about her. The escription starts with â€Å"the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off†, the light being cut off could be foreshadowing her being the obstacle that would eventually ruin George and Lennies hopes and dreams. Steinbeck then calls her a â€Å"girl† rather than a woman implying her youth and vulnerability, he continues keeps her unnamed to uphold the prejudice women faced in the 1930’s and to s how the oppressive misogyny posed against her and how she is only seen through her relation to Curley and is ultimately a possession of his, unworthy of a unique identity. Steinbeck also claims she was â€Å"looking in† showing her as an outsider who doesn’t really fit in and when she does look in, it’s to see something she hopes to have in the future, friendship. When Steinbeck starts to describe her appearance he starts with â€Å"she had full rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made up† this makes us realise she hides her face with makeup showing her self-consciousness and gives the impression she is trying to look older however it’s not working by her previously being referred to as a â€Å"girl†. Steinbeck repeats the word red when he says â€Å"her fingernails were red† and then â€Å"red ostrich feathers†, the noun red has many meanings for example, love but it also means danger and stop. This could again be showing signs of what the future could hold for her and how her desire for love becomes a great danger when leading to her death. Her facial features are a great contrast to her â€Å"nasal, brittle† voice that implies she’s about to break. Curleys wife is provocative with her body language as she is described to have â€Å"put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward† and â€Å"she looked at her fingernails†, she is very conscious of the affect she has on men and uses this to her advantage however her inappropriate clothes and her behavior I think are designed to provoke interest and attention rather than to invite intimacy, we later learn this is because of her loneliness in her marriage to Curley. Her loneliness is clear by her constant asking of the whereabouts of Curley proving she is just looking for an excuse to continue her conversation with the ranch workers. The perceptions we make of Curley’s wife are corrupted from the views of the ranch hands. Because sexuality is her only weapon she is referred to by George as ‘jailbait’ and ‘ a tart’ ‘Jesus what a tramp. ‘ George has reason to be weary of her presence especially with Lenny around and the incident in Weed. Listen to me you crazy bastard†¦ Don’t you even look at that bitch. He is concerned about Lennie safety because he knows he won’t be able to resist her. The next time Steinbeck presents Curleys wife is in her conversation with Lennie, Candy and Crooks. In this extract we see how Curleys wife clearly enjoys having power over others and because she is the only girl on the ranch she is prone to discrimination by being made to feel like one of Curleys pos sessions. We first get this impression when she refers to them as â€Å" a bunch of bindle stiffs – a nigger an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep†, Curleys wife wouldn’t dare say these insults to anyone else but she would to these three men purely because one is older, one is mentally challenged and the other is a black man who in the 1930’s faced larger discrimination than girls. However her vulnerability is still shown when she asks â€Å"whatta ya think I am, a kid? †. The use of this rhetorical question makes us remember how she doesn’t want to be thought of as a little kid linking Back to when Steinbeck repeatedly called her a â€Å"girl† rather than a woman giving us the impression that even she realises how lowly she is thought of in the ranch so Steinbeck makes her speak â€Å"contemptuously† to show how she thinks they are beneath her. This scene adds to making the reader dislike her and see her as the downfall of the men in the story. Steinbeck lets us learn more about Curleys wife in the final scene before her death. Here we learn that she too has her own dream just like all the other men on the ranch, her dream was to become a movie star in Hollywood and here we also see a completely different side to her initial flirtatious character we originally meet. Curleys wife’s naivety is demonstrable in her approach and attitude towards her dream. â€Å"I coulda made something of myself† she refuses to accept that her dream had a very little chance of coming true, when she says â€Å"maybe I will yet† she uses her dream as an escape from her loveless marriage and pitiful life; she is deluded that her dream will be realised and clings to the hope of a better life. Curleys wife also blames others for the breakdown of her dream, especially her mother, â€Å"My ol’ lady wouldn’t let me†¦. if I’d went I wouldn’t be livin’ like this you bet† she is using her mother as a scapegoat for the failure of her dream, and her current situation. Therefore by marrying Curley, she has managed to escape her mother who she feels is responsible for preventing her from achieving her dream of being a movie star. â€Å"an I coulda sat in them big hotels†, Curleys wife’s dream revolves on what could have been, she yearns for luxuries and attention,. Like the men she desires friendship, but her dream is more materialistic; she seeks the attention she feels she deserves. When Curleys wife is telling Lennie about her dream, Steinbeck states that â€Å"Her words tumbled out in passion of communication as though she hurried before her listener could be taken away† This links to her desperation for someone to talk to and how she yearns for some sort of interaction. Curleys wife dream makes her more vulnerable and human. Steinbeck recreates this impression by portraying her innocence in death. Steinbeck uses very specific language when describing how Curleys wife was murdered by Lennie. In this extract we see how she underestimated Lennie’s great strength and this is proven when she says â€Å"Jus’ like a big baby†, we as readers know he is capable of murder and we know he is anything but a big baby adding to the tension. Steinbeck does give us a moment of hope when he remembers his Aunt Clara who he has occasionally forgotten, this gives us hope that he will remember Georges warnings on Curleys wife but this isn’t the case. Curleys wife invites Lennie to feel her hair after hearing about his love of stroking soft things and she soon realises her mistake when she goes â€Å"Don’t you muss it up† and when Lennie refuses to let go she cries â€Å"let go† â€Å"you let go† the use of these short sentences lets us realise her panic. Steinbeck declares how she â€Å"writhed to be free† this could really mean how she ached to be free of the ranch and of Curley. Then when he adds how â€Å"her hoarse cry came out† it creates a major contrast to when she wasn’t heard by the men and when her voice is needed the most she is being stifled. He even mentions how her â€Å"eyes were wild with terror†, they aren’t being described with being heavily made up. When Curleys wife is killed Steinbeck ensures the readers sympathy for Lennie is maintained. The reader sees the killing as an inevitable consequence of Lennie’s bear-like strength and Curleys wife’s desire for attention. The use of the simile â€Å"and he shook her and her body flopped like a fish† creates an unsympathetic image, further emphasised with the alliterative â€Å"f†, as we tend not to feel sorry for dying fish in the way we may for a different animal. The sympathy the reader may feel for Curleys wife is weakened with â€Å"and she was still, for Lennie had broken her neck† as this seems harsh. This tone reminds the reader that Lennie would not have wanted to break her neck it was just something that happened so, even though he has committed a terrible act, the reader does not fully blame Lennie. The repetition of the natural imagery, including the clear link to the animalistic imagery when Curleys hand was crushed as he â€Å"flopped like a fish on a line†, both links Curley and his wife as the enemy, but also reminds the reader of Lennie’s early description as a bear, reiterated with his â€Å"paw†-like hands throughout the novel. Because of this, it seems clear that this was both inevitable and natural as bears do kill fish, and Steinbeck could be highlighting the predatory nature of the world; it could also suggest that Steinbeck was trying to show the constancy of the natural world and Lennie is just another victim in this world. However when Curleys wife is dead Steinbeck seems to show her the respect she deserves as his description of Curleys wife after her death is evidently more complimentary than previous occasions. He starts by saying â€Å"The meanness and the planning and the discontent and the aches for attention was all gone from her face† this straight away lets us realise that only from her death we see the other side to her, the side that was unhappy with her marriage and her life, her incomplete dream and the constant craving for a companion and all this because of her death simply disappears. Steinbeck also uses words such as â€Å"sweet and young† to project Curleys wife more positively as a pretty, young woman, free of all mean qualities. This contrasts to the other times he referred to her as a â€Å"girl† because this time he is reflecting her purity rather than her childlike features. When he says â€Å"Now her rouged lips and her reddened cheeks made her seem alive and sleeping very lightly† it shows us what her life could have been like if she were to have completed it to its full potential. The way Steinbeck portrays her now is a lot more poetic showing his respect. In my conclusion I think Steinbeck manages to portray two sides to Curleys Wife in the book Of Mice and Men. The first side is the misunderstood girl who isn’t trusted and her need for company and a friend is mistaken for a flirtatious troublemaker. However at the end of the novel Steinbeck makes her intentions clear and shares her dream of becoming a Hollywood movie star giving the readers the chance to see the vulnerable side of her, the one that shows her as not wanting but needing somebody to talk to. The need for such things is what caused her death. Lennie was keeping her company and she needed this so much that she was willing to let him harm her, and in this case kill her. Steinbeck also shows her differently in death as well. He gives Curleys wife respect and describes her as being beautiful and majorly contrasts the provocative way he did beforehand. How to cite How Does Steinbeck Present the Character of Curleys Wife, Essay examples

Evidence Law and Admissible Statements free essay sample

Locate the legal requirements to obtain admissible statements in these states. Include your research findings in the following table. State |Legal requirements |Precedent |Other | |Arizona |Confessions are admissible in evidence in any |Arizona v Londo |Title 13. Admissibility of minors | | |criminal prosecution if given voluntarily. Miranda v Arizona |statement | | |Prior to the confession being admissible, the | | | | |judge will look closer at the confession to | |Except as otherwise provided in title | | |determine whether or not the confession was | |8, a statement made by a minor who is | | |voluntarily, and inform the jury of the | |under the age of ten years describing | | |confession. If it is proven to be voluntary | |any sexual offense or physical abuse | | |the judge will permit as evidence and all the | |performed with, on or witnessed by the| | |jury to hear rules and evidence regarding | |minor, which is not otherwise | | |confessions as evidence and admissible | |admissible by statute or court rule, | | |statements. We will write a custom essay sample on Evidence Law and Admissible Statements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | |is admissible in evidence in any | | | | |criminal or civil proceeding if both | | | | |of the following are true: The | | | | |court finds, in an in camera hearing, | | | | |that the time, content and | | | | |circumstances of the statement provide| | | | |sufficient indicia of reliability. 2. | | | | |Either of the following is true: (a) | | | | |The minor testifies at the | | | | |proceedings. b) The minor is | | | | |unavailable as a witness, provided | | | | |that if the minor is unavailable as a | | | | |witness, the statement may be admitted| | | | |only if there is corroborative | | | | |evidence of the statement. If the original is | | | | |unavailable, exceptions might be made | | | | |(2011). | | |New York |60. 45 Rules of evidence; admissibility of |New York Police arrested an individual|In New York the high courts restricted| | |statements of defendants. Evidence of a |in his home without a warrant. |admissible statements of any one | | |written or oral confession, admission, or |Citation- 495 U. S. 14 1990 New |accusing an individual of a crime. In | | |other statement made by a defendant with | |this case, a man was accused for | | |respect to his participation or lack of |Facts- New York Police officers |abusing his 4-year-old daughter, | | |participation in the offense charged, may not |responded to call of a possible victim|according to six witnesses who | | |be received in evidence against him in a |being murdered. Upon arrival officers |testified against the father based on | | |criminal proceeding if such statement was |discovered a dead body in an |the conservations the witnesses had | | |involuntarily made. |apartment. Police officers assume |with the little girl.

Kelvin Estevez Essays (414 words) - Case Law,

Kelvin Estevez Diversity in Criminal Justice Assignment No. 5 Professor D. Dykes Fall/2016 DUE: DECEMBER 6, 2016 What is the meaning of the Defense of Marriage Act? September 21, 1996 is a United States federal law that, prior being to being ruled unconstitutional, defined marriage for federal purpose as the union of one man and woman, and allowed states to refuse to recognize same sex marriages granted under the law of other states. What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Hollingsworth v. Perry? Same sex has the fundamental right to marry. What was the Supreme Court's ruling in United States v. Windsor? U.S supreme court ruled that federal government cannot discriminate against married lesbian/gay couples for the purpose of determination federal benefits and protection. What is the name of the first New York City Police Officer who announced he was gay? Sgt Charles Cochrane. What is the definition of homophobia? A hatred of gay persons. Disapproval or fear of homosexual. What is the definition of situational homosexuality and give an example? Situational homosexuality behavior that occurs between two persons who are otherwise heterosexual this in contingent upon the environment that people find themselves. For example, when a man is incarcerated and get sexual involved without with other man because there is no woman around. What was the supreme court's ruling in Romer V Evans? U.S supreme court struck down a Colorado constitutional amendment that denied gay men and lesbians anti-discrimination protection. What was the name of the Hate Crime Statute passed by President Obama? Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr which expanded hat crime legislation to gender, sexual identity, orientation and disabilities. What is the Daughters of Bilitis? The first lesbian organization which started in San Francisco. What is the Mantachie Society? The first gay organization that fought society for gay rights and equalities. Define the 1845 Statute? Explained that people cannot masquerade in drag and must wear 3 pieces of clothing that pertained to their gender. What was the court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas? The U.S Supreme Court struck down anti-sodomized. What is the gay panic defense? It's a legal strategy like temporary insanity or diminish capacity to which the defendant claims to be a target of a homosexual advancement by the victim. Define primary and secondary victimization? Primary- when they are directly victimized by the people. Secondary- Essentially double victimized by society, particularly when they seek assistance for initial victimization that they have endured.

How to Create Classroom Management Routines

How to Create Classroom Management Routines Over the years, educators have developed many different methods for keeping classrooms under control. Currently, one of the most effective is a  program of classroom management proposed by educator  Harry K. Wong  in his book  The First Days of School. The focus of Wongs program is on creating orderly classroom routines that help children understand what is expected of them each day. It is a highly effective method, one that works well in both special and general education classrooms. Each day, the children from Room 203 line up outside the classroom and wait to be greeted by their teacher. When they enter the room, they place their homework in the basket marked homework, hang up their coats, and empty their back packs. Soon, the class is busy recording the days assignments in their assignment book, and when completed work on the spelling puzzle they found on their desks. The Importance of Routines Every day, the children in room 203 follow the same routines, routines they have learned. Flexibility comes in instruction, in meeting individual needs or challenges as they arise. The beauty of routines is that they are about what we do, not who we are. A child can be reminded that they forgot to complete a routine, and they will not feel hurt, as they probably would if they were told that they broke a rule. Its well worth the extra time required to create routines, since routines help children understand what is expected of them, where to find the resources they need, and how to behave in the classroom. Routines take time to be taught, but eventually, they become second-nature, and students no longer need to be reminded what to do. The best time to establish routines is at the beginning of the school year.  The First Six Weeks of School, a book by educators Paula Denton and Roxann Kriete, lays out six weeks of activities that teach routines and create meaningful ways for students to interact and create community in the classroom. This approach is now trademarked as The Responsive Classroom. Creating Routines The best routines are those that anticipate common challenges in the classroom and find ways to address them. Before creating a routine, teachers should ask themselves the following questions: How will the students enter the classroom?Where will they place their backpacks? Their homework?Who will take attendance? How will the students record their lunch choices?What does a student  do when his or her work is completed?How does a student  record his or her independent reading?How are seats chosen at lunchtime? A resource room teacher will need to ask: How will the students  get from their general education classroom to the resource room?How will the students know when it is time to move from their desks to the teachers table?What role will a classroom aide play in the structure of the classroom?Who keeps track of homework and class assignments? Teachers should have an answer for each of these questions. Children from communities without much structure will need a great deal of structure in their day. On the other hand, children from more orderly communities will not necessarily need as much structure. As a teacher, it is always best to have too many routines and too much structure than too little- you can more easily take away than add. Rules While routines are more effective for managing classrooms, there is still a place for rules. Keep them short and simple. One of the rules in every classroom should be Treat yourself and others with respect. Limit your rules to a maximum of 10 so that students can easily remember them.

15 Types of Documents

15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents By Mark Nichol Many terms exist that distinguish one form of documentation from another. Here are some words for specific documents, with explanations of their functions as well as additional definitions of the terms. 1. Bond: an agreement made binding by a payment of money if the agreement is not honored; also, an adhesive, restraining, or uniting element, force, or object, or, as a verb, to create such an effect 2. Certificate: a document attesting that something is true or someone is qualified, or proving debt or ownership, or, as a verb, to certify 3. Charter: a written contract or instrument, or grant or guarantee, that defines conditions, privileges, or rights, or a lease of all or part of a vessel, or, as a verb, to confer such an agreement, or to offer for hire 4. Compact: an agreement (related but not identical to compact, meaning â€Å"dense†) 5. Constitution: a written instrument detailing a political or social entity’s rules and the rights of its citizens or members, the laws or principles of such an entity, or any custom or law; also, the composition or establishment of something 6. Contract: a document detailing an agreement, often enforceable by law, between people or parties, or the agreement itself, or, as a verb, to enter into an agreement; also, in criminal jargon, an arrangement to assassinate someone 7. Covenant: a document recording a formal binding agreement, or the agreement itself, or an action to remedy breach of such an agreement, or, as a verb, to make such an agreement 8. Diploma: usually refers to a record of a degree earned from an educational institution, although it also applies rarely in general to a document conferring an honor or privilege or to an official document 9. Guarantee: a written or stated agreement about possessing or using something or about the longevity or quality of a product, or the agent of such as agreement, or, as a verb, to provide such an agreement 10. Guaranty: synonymous with guarantee, but also an agreement to be responsible for payment of a debt or performance of a duty, or a pledge (see below), or, as a verb, to provide such an agreement 11. License: a document or other item that is evidence of the granting of a license, or the authority to engage in an activity, or assignment of some or all rights by a patent or copyright holder to another, or, as a verb to grant such a document; also, straying from artistic forms or standards and, generally, freedom or permission to act, or, specifically, irresponsibly or with disregard for standards (in the latter senses, also referred to as licentiousness) 12. Passport: a document authorizing the bearer to pass into and out of sovereign nations, or, as a verb to send or take items through a country; also, generally, authorization or permission to travel, or, figuratively, something that enables achievement of a goal 13. Pledge: a binding promise to do or not do something, or a contract for performance of an act or security of a debt, or the security itself, or, as a verb, to agree to such a promise or contract 14. Surety: synonymous with guarantee or pledge, or certainty, confidence, or the foundation of confidence or security 15. Warrant: a document assigning authority to do or act, or, as a verb, to assure, declare, or guarantee Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

Miranda Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Miranda Act - Essay Example Nevertheless, unexpectedly, every single one of these studies was carried out within the period of the Miranda resolution, and none has been repeated afterward. Hence, the entire literature on the impact of the Miranda Act on individuals and law enforcement personnel originates from studies that were carried out during the early years of Miranda (Cassell & Fowles, 1998). Because the more enduring effect of a court resolution is more relevant to academics than its immediate impacts, as expressed by Leo (1996), it is astonishing that no academic has investigated the effect of the Miranda Act in almost three decades. The Miranda Act has been the most contentious and the most condemned case of the Supreme Court in the United States criminal justice (Fridell, 2006). Even though nobody has methodically studied the continuing impacts of Miranda on collective awareness, court cases, or law enforcement methods and behavior, the subject matter of Miranda’s effect is still a root of cont ention among academics and practitioners (Leo, 1996). Despite the unending debate between liberal and conservative scholars of the Miranda Act, law enforcement personnel have effectively adjusted to the provision of Miranda of ‘pre-interrogation constitutional warnings’ (Leo, 1996, 628) in recent years. A significant portion of the law enforcement community respects the ideals and logic of Miranda and does not challenge its legitimacy anymore. Law enforcement personnel, according to Cassell and Fowles (1998), like detectives and police officers, nowadays have also embraced the legitimacy of the Miranda Act and accepted its importance as a representation of police competence. In Miranda vs. Arizona, the United States Supreme Court declared suspects within detention - or a logical custodial condition - have to be recommended of their right to stay silent, that no matter what they state, could be utilized against them and that they have a right to a legal representative. O nce a legal representative is called, police force can only utilize statements made with the presence of a legal representative as proof in any trial (Wise, 1996). The case involves is about a 13 years old boy of North Carolina, charged for two break-ins within Chapel Hill. The boy was dragged from his classroom and was inquired by police officials along with school officials in a closed conference room. Finally, the boy admitted to the break-ins. Just after the admission, the investigator notified that he did not have to talk with him and that he was allowed to go, court proceedings mentioned. After that, the boy was permitted to go home; however, a police official armed with a warrant later looked around within his home for the items stolen (Gardner & Anderson, 2009). Two adolescent appeals were filed, charging him with â€Å"breaking and entering and with aggravated burglary. His public advocate encouraged to suppress his statements and the evidence derived from them† (Sch malleger, 2001), declaring that he had been cross-examined within a custodial situation without being provided Miranda advices and that his statements were unconscious. The legal representative of trial refused the proposal. Studies on the effect of the Miranda Act used various methodologies, such as interviews, secondary data analysis, and participant observation. The common agreement of these studies is that after adapting at first to the new directives promulgated in the Miranda resolution, law enforcement abided by the rules, but not the essence, of the

HR Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HR Administration - Essay Example Ownership is the key distinction of privatization according to this focused definition of privatization (Klingner et al, 2010). Privatization is viewed as an option for providing services to the community and the decision to privatize should be made by the government reflecting the government to deliver public goods and services by the private sector creates a balanced evaluation of the financial and non-financial issues with the needs of the community.Market-based competition basis. Privatization is characterized by little involvement by the government and collaborating with private service providers. Government stops providing a service directly and relies on the private sector to deliver the service (Klingner et al, 2010). Human resource managers are facing an imminent mass exodus of senior workers, the likes of which has never been seen before. These workers will need to be replaced due to death or retirement. Some organizations might lose up to 50% of their seniors in the next two to three years. This exit will strain the governmental entitlement programs, company benefit, pension plans, and press the concern on empty chairs in offices across the nation. The smaller size of Generation X (25 – 38- year-olds) along with their high rate of turnover and the transitory nature of their work force lately will lead to a shrinking pool of replacements and competition for those employees will increase. Demographic realities seem to suggest a possible shortage of labor in the coming decades (Klingner et al, 2010). Many Boomers will maintain their positions after their typical retirement age due to longer life expectancy. The likelihood of new legislation increasing the age for Social Security benefits, the high costs in living, recent losses in pension and IRA accounts attached to the stock market could make older employees delay their

Engendering violence Essay Example for Free

Engendering violence Essay Violence could occur in various ways and in different levels. It may happen in the form of physical, sexual, verbal and psychological abuse, and could be inflicted by any individual, groups, institutions or nations. Whatever form of violence is inflicted, it could threaten the body of the violated person in the most complex way (Jarvis, â€Å"world of the body†). The society today is not new with the issue of violence. Every now and then, the media is consistently reporting events that are inhumane. Although violence could occur among different people, it has been well identified that the prevailing cases of violence are those that are gendered-based. Before one could fully identify gender-based violence, it is an imperative to clarify various definitions that are centered to the area being studied. It should be well understood that the usage of the words gender and sex are needed to be given identification in order to fully understand gender-based violence. In many cases the words gender and sex are used alternately; however there is a distinction between the two words. Sex is often referred to as the differences in the physical aspects of males and females while gender is known to be the roles of the males and females that are socially-prescribed. Such gender roles are acquired through the process of socialization (Ward, 2002 qtd in Benjamin and Murchinson 3). While the physical differences between male and female is persistently identified to be something that is easily distinguished and could be possessed in common, the gender roles are wide range and could be found in different aspects of an individual’s life and may apply in various aspects such as access to various resources, responsibilities that are public and private or even during the period of courtship. Although gender roles could be altered in the long run, it should be well understood that these gender roles reflect the position of men, women and children in the society (Benjamin and Murchinson 3-4). Based from these roles, gender-based violence could be identified as a form of violence that is done to an individual in accordance to the role he or she played within the society. Although such violence could also be directed among men, gender-based violence is prevalent among women and girls. The violence inflicted to females intends to empower hierarchies and strengthen gender inequalities (Benjamin and Murchinson 4). The term gender-based violence is now taking a new context where in it tends to examine and deeply understand the violence against women and discusses the role of gender in inflicting the violence. The power of gender relations always place women in a more disadvantaged position compared to their male counterparts. Gender-based violence place women at a level where they have less access to resources, information, decision making, benefits and have lesser hold on their rights. Aside from these, gender-based violence are also closely related to violence against women and girls because of the involvement of the idea that women are the subordinate gender in the society (UNIFEM 2-3). In various nations, women and girls are victims of myriads of forms of violence. Most of the cases of violence were not done randomly. The victims became the targets of the perpetrators because of the reason that they are females. Among the many forms of violence, sexual violence specifically rape is the most commonly inflicted among women. All sexual assaults are done out of aggression, despite of the gender and age of the victim. The primary motivation of the assailant to carry out rape is not centered towards satisfying a sexual desire or an issue of sexual deprivation from the past rather the perpetrator inflicts rape in order to express their power over somebody (Groth qtd in New York City Alliance against sexual assault, â€Å"Factsheets†). In most cases of female rape the act of violence was predominantly done by males who all come from socio-economic classes, racial or other ethnic groups. All through out the world, rape is often directed towards women because of their gender, regardless of their age, ethnicity or political affiliation (UNIFEM, â€Å"violence†). In the United States alone, it was reported that a woman is raped every two minutes. Just in 1995, the number of women who were raped or sexually assaulted reached over 354,670. The risk factors for initiating rape were accounted for early sexual experience, stereotyping which include the negative attitudes of males toward females, consumption of alcohol and the acceptance of rape myths (â€Å"American rape statistics†). In addition, during war and civil conflicts gender-based violence such as rape and sexual abuse were done in order to attack the morale of the enemy including men and women. For others gender-based violence was also conducted as â€Å"spoils of war. † (Benjamin and Murchinson 5) During the 1994 Rwandan genocide, sexual violence, especially rape was directed or encouraged by the Hutu Militia groups in order to strengthen their goal of destroying the whole Tsutsi clan. At this point in time, the violence was directed towards the Tsutsi women due to their gender and ethnicity. Furthermore, the sexuality of the Tsutsi women was also regarded by the Hutu’s, who were the genocide perpetrators, as a medium that could be used by the Tsutsi community to infiltrate the community of the Hutus. Because of this reason, the propaganda of sexually violating the Tsutsi women became prevalent in order to dehumanize and subjugate the Tsusti community as a whole. Aside from the Tsutsi women other Hutu women were also targeted for rape by their own tribesmen because they were associated with Tsutsi men who are considered as an opposition (Norwojee, â€Å"Shattered lives†). During the conflict in Bosnia-Hercegovina, Muslim women were raped and sexually abused as a part of the so-called â€Å"ethnic cleansing† for the establishment of the Greater Serbia, which is said to be ethically pure. On the basis of investigations, it was estimated that over 20,000 women became the victims of rape and sexual abuse. It was also documented that the rape was directed among the women in order to impose humiliation among the victims, their families and the community where they belong (WomenAid International, â€Å"EC investigative mission†). Much has been written about the prevalence of rape and rape reporting among females. However, it was stated earlier in the study that gender-based violence could also occur among males. In the case of rape, males are often disregarded about the issue because of the social context that males are the initiators of the sexual act, or if not they are considered as the dominating gender and that the women should be take the submissive role (Gagnon and Simon, 1973; Schneider Gould, 1987 qtd in Duncan and William, â€Å"Gender role,† 1). Despite this traditional sexual script, male rape is also very much similar to female rape. The most common perpetrators of male rape are also males, yet on a larger scale, the involvement of female as accomplices or perpetrators were also reported. In 2002, it was documented that out of eight rape victims, one of those involves a male (RAINN, 2003 qtd in Stanford’s men against violent group, â€Å"male rape†). More often than not, male rape is one of the many violence issues that are least discussed in the society. This is because such issue is often interpreted as an extension of the life in prison and is often regarded as a part of the homosexual subculture (Kaufman et al. , 1980 qtd in Pino and Meier, 1). However, what people do not recognize is the fact that male rape survivors include not only homosexuals but also heterosexuals, teenagers, homosexuals and children. Case research even suggested that males also experience the same reactions felt by females. Alongside with the feelings of depression, anger, self-blame, guilt, sexual dysfunctions, vulnerability and emotional distancing, male rape victims also have to endure unsympathetic attitudes from people even their friends, family and acquaintances (Brochman, 1991 qtd in New York City alliance against sexual assault, â€Å"Factsheets†). Likewise, it was also reported that males are more likely to become victims of multiple aggressors, yet the assailants could inflict sustained physical trauma and male victims could be held as captives for a longer period of time compared to their female counterparts (Kaufman et al. , 1980 qtd in Pino and Meier, 1).

Do white males have anything to fear from Affirmative Action? Essay

Do white males have anything to fear from Affirmative Action? Affirmative Action can be defined as policies used in the United States to increase opportunities for minorities by favoring them in hiring and promotion, college admissions, and the awarding of government contracts. Depending upon the situation, â€Å"minorities† might include any underrepresented group, especially one defined by race, ethnicity, or gender. This action constitutes a good faith effort by employees to address past and/or present discrimination through a variety of specific, results-oriented procedures. This is a step beyond equal opportunity laws that simply ban discriminatory practices. There are four main types of affirmative action that an employer may use. They include:  · Aggressive recruiting to expand the pool of candidates for job openings;  · Evaluating and updating selection tools and criteria to ensure their relevance to job performance;  · Revising traditional measures of merit to more fully recognize talent and performance under varying conditions;  · Establishing goals and timetables for hiring underrepresented groups These are not the only ways that employers use to complement the affirmative action but they are the more favorable ways to attack the problem of discrimination in the workplace. From its beginnings in the United States in the 1960s, affirmative action has been highly controversial. Critics charge that affirmative action policies, which gi...

Information Technology Strategy

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY Introduction In today’s business environment, organizations are adopting the latest technologies in order to make the organization’s processes more organized and fruitful. There are several various technological tools that have been initiated through the information technology system, which has become very effective for organizations in order to compete in a proper manner. The Human Resource Information Management is one of the major tools from information technology, which is contributing effectively to the human resource functions of an organization.The human resource information management was, in the past, the human resource management system, which now has involved the information technology. There are many other information technology tools available for the organizations which has reduced the workload and increased the output of the organizations. B & J Medical Consulting shall determine the use of information technology in the bus iness organization environment. In addition to this, B & J Medical will provide some brief information of the Cloud Technology concept and how it can contribute to the organizational processes and operations.Utilizing Technology for Businesses The growth in the field of the Internet, the globalization of trade, and the rise of information economies have changed the role of information technology in today’s business and management environment. Information technology can be defined as â€Å"the hardware, software, telecommunication database management and other technologies used to store, process and distribute information. † Through this the business organizations make their operations and processes easier and effective to have maximum growth and success.Information technology has bought many software and tools which reduce the workload of employees and increase their contribution for the organizations. The information technology includes various programs and tools such as information systems, network, and internet technology to name a few, which contributes effectively in today's business organization environment. Organizations in today’s society are involving information technology in order to conduct their maximum work electronically and effortlessly. Information systems are designed to assist managers and orkers in their functions of sales, marketing, manufacturing, production, finance, accounting, and human resources, at all the major working levels of the organization. Through information technology, the managers and workers become more efficient and effective for organization (Laudon, 2004). The sales and marketing information systems helps an organization to identify the potential customers for its products or services and contribute effectively in the development of products and services offered to meet customer's needs.In addition to this, the sales and marketing system can promote the products and services, sell the products and services, and provide ongoing customer support after the purchase. The manufacturing and production systems majorly deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services and helps in management of the flow of production. The finance and accounting systems can keep track of the organization's financial assets and fund flows.The human resources systems maintain employees records; track employees skills, job performance, and training; and support planning for employee compensation and career development. Through the aforementioned response it is clear that there is information system involvement in every part of the organization which is a very important aspect for the organizations and their functions (Burgess, 2002). Today business organizations are using various information technology tools to promote their product and services in various networks.Through e-mails and social media, organizations can reach a maximum number of customers. The social media and e-ma ils has become one of the very effective tools for promoting a product or service in specific market segments or customer segments. Today business organizations can organize various research programs with the help of technology in order to understand the market and customer needs, which ensure that they make the proper marketing strategies. Cloud Technology ConceptThe Cloud technology gives organizations the option of delivery of computing; a metered service rather than a product which keeps track of shared resources, software and information provided to computers and other devices over a network or service provide on the internet. The cloud technology provides computation, data access, software, and storage resources without demanding the cloud users to know the location or other major details of the Cloud computing infrastructure. Through this the cloud users can have required information and data in a less span of time and increase productivity.The end users of internet access th e cloud services through cloud based applications through a web browser or a mobile application. An organization’s business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. The cloud technology application provides better performance and services to the users even though the software programs were installed locally on the business computers. The internal and external networks would work properly for the business organizations in order to provide better services to their consumers.The cloud technology would contribute effectively in solving various organizational issues in an effective and appropriate manner (Turban, 2007). The concept of cloud technology was initially adopted through Amazon. com, where the organization stored their various programs with the help of technology in order to serve its customers in a better and effective way. Today there are a lot of organizations which is implementing the cloud computing technology for their customers, which has incr eased the quality and performance of their services.Through this the business organizations attract maximum potential customers, which directly contributes to the growth and success of the organization. The Internet provides the primary technology infrastructure for electronic commerce, and electronic businesses. The Internet and other networks have made it possible for businesses to replace manual and paper based processes with the electronic flows of information. Electronic commerce is the process of buying and selling goods electronically with computerized business transaction using the Internet or other digital network technology.B & J Medical Consulting would benefit with the use of Cloud technology for the present needs of the company and the possibilities of expansion in the future. Information Technology Planning Information technology is a kind of discipline in the information technology domain and is majorly concerned with the planning process for information technology in vestments and decision making processes. This process of management planning is quicker, flexible, and more aligned for information technology in an organization.Information technology planning has become a major concept which includes a strategic planning domain. The information technology planning adjusts plans to meet the major business needs of an organization. Without the information technology planning phase, information technology does not understand how it can contribute to the business strategies (Tsai, 2003). Today the security systems in information technology have developed at a fast rate in order to provide adequate security and safety to the business organizations implementing the information technology programs and tools.The major information technology tools can help companies to provide proper privacy to their confidential data and insure the security and privacy of major data resources and information stored on the web. The control process in information technology has become very effective for a business organization to have proper hold on their confidential information. Today’s companies require proper information technology concerns to be addressed in order to prevent any affecting issues such as security breaches or crashes in the system.Conclusion Information technology has changed the way people and businesses operate in today's workforce. All types of business, both large and small, are using information systems, networks and Internet technology to make their business processes happen electronically while striving to achieve new levels of competitiveness, efficiency, and profitability. Through the information technology processes, the workplace has become more productive and errorless.This role of information technology in today's business world and organizations will be a great asset to B & J Medical Consulting to compete in today’s economy and business environment. References: Burgess S. (2002). Managing information tec hnology in businesses: challenges and solutions. Idea Group Inc. Retrieved May 3, 2012 from website http://www. amazon. com/Managing-Information-Technology-Small-Business/dp/1930708351 Laudon, J. (2004). Management Information Systems, (8th Edition). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Tsai H. (2003).Information technology and business process reengineering: new perspectives and strategies. Greenwood Publishing Group. Retrieved May 5, 2012 from website http://www. amazon. com/Information-Technology-Business-Process- reengineering/dp/1567206328 Turban J. (2007). Information Technology for Management: Transforming organizations in the digital economy, 4Th Ed. John Wiley and Sons. Retrieved May7, 2012 from website http://www. amazon. com/Information-Technology-Management-Transforming-Organizations/dp/0471705225

Heritage Essay

Rename, or Don’t. Asher Woolf 11C 1772008 Christiaan Barnard Street Ms Sutton Early Adderly Street Heritage plays an important role in self-identity, and hence the heritage of a country defines it. As a people we learn and improve through our past experiences and our history. This is especially relevant in a country like South Africa; having such an eventful and colourful past, it is essential we recognise all places, buildings, roads and dates that played a role in shaping our country today.Whereas the history of a given article is the cold, hard happenings of the past, heritage is what one identifies with in their history, and this can be tangible hereditary heritage (skin colour) or cultural heritage and traditional, such as religion and customs. The aim of this report is to explore the concept and importance of heritage, and its impacts on modern Cape Tonian reflections of heritage such as street names. Herein the example of Oswald Pirow Street’s transformation to C hristiaan Barnard Street is discussed as a prime example of correct renaming; however the impacts of name-changing in general shall be discussed as well.Our birthplace and place of residence forms part of our heritage; it is an identity that helps us place ourselves in the world. The preamble to The National Heritage Resources Act states that: â€Å"Our heritage is unique and precious and it cannot be renewed. It helps us to define our cultural identity and therefore lies at the heart of our spiritual well-being and has the power to build our nation. It has the potential to affirm our diverse cultures, and in so doing shape our national character. † This is a statement by our government that understanding and accepting our heritage is at the epicentre of our spiritual well being.The preservation of our national heritage sites is of the greatest importance. For many years, Oswald Pirow Street stood in existence in Cape Town. Named after Oswald Pirow, a far right politician and lawyer who was also a staunch Nazi sympathizer. He greatly admired Hitler, and his daughter even controversially stated that Pirow was â€Å"More German than South African† It can be stated without much contentiousness that the Nazi ideals are diametrically opposite to the ideals of freedom, acceptance and unified diversity that defines the New South Africa.That being said, a street named after Oswald Pirow is simply incongruous with our new country and incongruous with the heritage we as a nation chose to identify with. In extreme cases such as this, whereby a figure that is actively negative to unity and acceptance is honoured, I believe that changing street names can be conducive to promotion and celebration of Heritage in South Africa. Oswald Pirow Street was renamed to Christiaan Barnard Street.Christiaan Barnard actively spoke out against the National Party during Apartheid, and is famous for being the first surgeon in the world to perform a successful heart-transplant . This marvel of medical science was celebrated internationally and is a great symbol of South African pride and achievement. Hence the street was named after Barnard, an ultimately deserving figure of recognition. The above circumstance epitomizes name-changing done right; however there are a number of concerns affecting the issue in general. The issue of Heritage affects name change.South Africa, like every place on Earth that isn’t the Far East or Europe, was conquered and subdued by Europe. This forms a crucial part of South Africa’s history, in that our culture and the very language we speak was brought by the so called â€Å"invaders†. This also means that most names of cities and roads prior to 1994 were exclusively in European languages and mostly named after European people. After the fall of Apartheid, the indigenous peoples felt the need to have their heritage acknowledged by renaming cities and streets in the vernacular or based on more deserving peo ple.The issue becomes contentious as to where the line is drawn. While there are numerous cases of obvious villains of history (i. e. Hendrik Verwoerd) whose memory should not be celebrated, there are many more cases of differing peoples vying for recognition and pride, and it is difficult to insure that renaming remains an act to promote national heritage and not to laud one group over the other. It is for this reason that I believe the only way to approach the issue of renaming is to be practical. While the bvious villains of history and enemies of human rights must be removed, it is a cold hard fact that naming of Cape Town streets and places are largely European, and to try to rename everything to equally distribute pride and self-identity amongst all the peoples of South Africa is simply impractical. In our capitalist country, one must think of the use of money with priority. There are lots of alarming and immediate issues in South Africa (poverty, education, healthcare, etc) t hat require funding more pressingly than renaming does, and that in itself is the practical outlook of the issue.Although websites may be less reliable than book on an individual basis, the consensus gained from a multitude of websites is much more accurate. At first the idea for my road came from having lived in Stellenbosch for four years and visiting the shops on Dorp Street. However information on Dorp Street is hard to find, the recommendation to do Christiaan Barnard Street came from my mother, as she was an admirer of his growing up. Bibliography Article Sources 1. Acts Online. n. d. ). Retrieved July 19, 2008, from http://www. acts. co. za/ntl_heritage_res/index. htm 2. CIBRA. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 19, 2008, from www. cibra. co. za/downloads/City-Bowl-Prov-Herit-Sites. pdf 3. Explore South Africa. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 19, 2008, from http://www. exploresouthafrica. net/westerncape/stellenbosch/history/dorpstreet. htm 4. Legal City. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 19, 2008, fr om http://www. legalcity. net/Index. cfm? fuseaction=RIGHTS. rticle&Index=N&ArticleID=9346885&Page=1 5. Morris, J. (1979). Cape Town. new york: Don Nelson. 6. SAHRA. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 19, 2008, from http://www. sahra. org. za/intro. htm# 7. UNESCO. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 17, 2008, from http://whc. unesco. org/ 8. Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 18, 2008, from http://www. Wikipedia. com Picture Sources 1. http://farm1. static. flickr. com/185/395114148_e8853e55e3. jpg? v=0 2. http://rapidttp. com/milhist/vo113oca. jpg

Ethics Term Paper Topics

Ethics Term Paper Topics The whole meaning of ethics is to understand and study the morality of every person. Ethics covers every moral principle and studies the behaviour of a person to any other person. Ethics is a gathering of rules and standards, which one must follow in order to live happily without any interpersonal or intrapersonal conflicts. The study of morality has been studied for more than 3 centuries, and still remains mysterious to most of the people. The whole problem of ethics and morality stands the whole question of the inventor of ethics and morality, which makes it incredibly difficult to study. Unlike other accurate sciences – ethics is very hard to study as it is very dynamic and changing. Despite that – every student needs to write a term paper in Ethics, and needs to do it with outstanding quality, implementing originality, creativeness, and of course, hard work. Every student is required to study the moral principles and ethics that have been developed throughout time. It may seem absolutely awkward, strange and weird for a student to express his own thoughts and trying to prove the existence of his own thinking. Basically a student needs to express his own standards on the moral life, and present his own, absolutely private and sometimes conflicting opinion on today’s life. If you are one of those students who require some assistance in writing an ethics term aper – you need to find a qualified assistant to help you with your ethics term paper. The best way to go is to turn for academic help and academic assistance to a professional writing company. In companies of this type – you will definitely find a person who will give you useful tips on writing your own ethics term paper. Below is a list of topics you can choose for your ethics term paper. Nietzsches conception of morality; individual ethics or ethics of an individual; ethical theory in Kantian perspective; business ethics, business rules, business policies based on ethics, etc. Another great topic, which is also very relevant, considering the fact that the professor has to deal wit students mostly – is academic dishonesty. This issue is raised in different institutions all over the world – so if you are sure you can input something new and fresh to this passive conversation – go ahead and try yourself out. Another obfuscation when writing a term paper on Ethics topics – is that when you write an ethics term paper – you need to express your own personal opinion, without any quotes, citation, or even plagiarism. This should be the product of your mind, the things you came up, with while thinking on the desired topic. In order to be able to write a sound term paper on ethics – be sure to follow these simple but effective tips, and you will greatly improve your paper. Try to imput something from your own life as an example. Try to be as detailed as possible, describe all the actions you have maid towards this issue, and what results have it caused. You have to fit it to the straight relationship with your topic, so make sure you write relevant things in your ethics term paper. Try to make your paper as your own as possible. When bringing up some examples – always use your own life,. Your own experience, your own ideas. This is practically your own ethics term paper, and it should be as personal as possible. When describing moral principles if the people surrounding you – you should always mention your own moral principles. The best way to do that is to compare and contrast – in this way you will be able to show your professor a little bit more of yourself, and make him understand your points of view. One of the techniques of learning is to work on your own mistakes in past. If you want to impress your professor – try analyzing your own mistakes, which you have made in the past. This way you will show him or her, that you care about yourself, you are open to new knowledge, and that you are trying to develop yourself. At the end – you have to input the conclusion part. Here you have to summarize everything you came up with in your paper, and make a very strong conclusion, for example analyzing all your actions, and how they correspond with all your thoughts Some points and tips here may seem absolutely irrelevant to your own ethics term paper – but still try to rethink them, and maybe you will be able to find a place to apply this knowledge.

Last Minute PSAT Cramming Tips

Last Minute PSAT Cramming Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The PSAT is coming upfast. Test day will be here whether you've been studying or not.For the SAT, I would recommend delaying for a later test date, but that's not really possible for with the PSAT. You may have less than three weeks left, which means you're going to have to cram. So? How are you best going to preparefor the ordeal? In this article, I'll guide you through how to prepare, including which techniques to focus on for each section of the test, not to mention test-day techniques (like whether or not to guess if you have no idea). General Guidance There are a few over-arching principles that are crucial to this process. Commit to a Strenuous Process Push yourself hard. Cramming for the PSAT is hard work. It will not, however, build muscles. This test is the NMSQT (National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test), which is huge news for any National Merit Scholarship hopefuls out there. The PSAT also indicates your likely performance on the SAT, which is great information to have. That way, you know what kind of a fight you're in for as you prepare for the SAT. (Speaking of which, don't delay studying so muchnext time, eh?) Time is of the essence, so make sure you spend it preparing for the test. Don't give up your homework, thoughgrades are hugely important in the bigger picture of college admissions: more important than the PSAT. That being said, the PSAT is not going to determine your fate. The National Merit Scholarship is nice, but colleges won't see your PSAT scores. You've got several more chances to knock 'em dead with your test-taking prowess. So, please: don't blow this out of proportion. Listen to Your Own Needs Rest is beyond important. Practice good sleep hygiene and enact a decently early bedtime starting a good week before the test. Your bodystarts storing sleep not just the night before an event, but the night before that. Plus, if your sleepis usually limited (or simply not great), getting enough sleep can make you experience some extra fatigue, initiallyso give your body time to adjust to getting rest. Temper healthy nerves by way of a reality check. This is an important test, and knowing that the stakes are high can give you some adrenaline and keep you committed to the task. At the same time, as we said above, it's not the be-all, end-all of your life, your schooling, or even your high school career. Keep your confidence, and your calm. Limit stress, fatigue, and pessimism (in other words, the effects of overwork). Monitor your mindset: this is an opportunity to shine, not just a chance to get stomped on. There will be more on this topic later, including specific tipsabout maintaining or regaining your cool in the midst of test day. Preparation You may not havemuch time, but you do have some. Put those last few days or weeksto good use! Cooking, like the taking the PSAT, requires lots of preparation. #1 Take a Practice Test The first thing to do is take a full-length practice test. It's best to take it under test-day conditions if you can, but, if that's not possible, just make sure you get through the thing. If nothing else, this will serve as an opportunity to get thoroughly acquainted with the instructions and what they mean in practice. This will boost your confidence and decrease the time you waste on test day trying to figure out what you're expected to do. This is also a chance to acclimate to the types of questions on the test. Take note of the style and wording of the questions. Especially note that not all questions are technically questionssome include a command term and end in a period. (This is the difference between, "What is the solution?" and "Identify the solution.") See if you can find any patterns. Certain types of questions and formats of possible answers show up disproportionately. Perhaps most importantly, a practice test will show you what areas need some extra attention. Ideally you should work every section of the test as you prepare, but give documented weaknesses a little additional care. #2 Drill Official Questions This applies to all sections: drill. There's nothing like having at some actual questions to show you where your potential difficulties lie. This is an area where both quality and quantity matter. You want to work as many problems as you can, but you also want to dissect what's going wrong when you make mistakes and work through the same (tricky) problems multiple times, to get the hang of those routines. The more you go through the process, the more comfortable that process will become. #3 Reading: Read a Lot You don't have a lot of time, but spend your spare minutes immersed in literature. You're going to be doing a lot of reading on both the Reading Test and the Writing and Language Test. Do your best to become at ease with finding yourself at the bottom of a flood of tricky words. Granted, this would work better if you were starting the process sooner, but even just acclimating to doing that much reading in a short period of time can be useful. If you dive right in now, it'll seem less horrific by test day. This cactus didn't prepare before test day, and now see how overwhelmed he is? Now, I also don't mean you should ditch your homework in favor of the average comic book. Rather, I mean you should spend every spare moment reading The New York Times, Shakespeare's canon, ofFahrenheit 451. Not all reading is created equal. Reading for pleasure and entertainment is amazing. Right now, though, our focus is this test. Reading what's uncomfortable and unfamiliar builds new connections in your brainnot to mention that there's just more meat to dissect, and dissecting text is exactly what the test wants from you. The PSAT is going to present some pretty dense text, and you need to be at least somewhat used to looking at non-contemporary, formal, and/or academic literature. Read attentively and read critically, and get in as much as you can. #4 Writing and Language: Review Basic Grammar You need to know the basic rules that govern sentence structure, etc. (If you have more time, go more in depth.) It's important to know these rules; you can't just follow your ear. As any theater practitioner will tell you, pauses, like emphasis, are completely subjective. I can pause wherever I want in a sentence, and often that will change the implications or even the primary interpretation of the sentence. Don't hang your grammatical hat solely on what sounds right to you, because the test-makersmight have a different intention. Commas, semicolons, em-dashes, and all the rest of those punctuation marks serve strict grammatical purposes, telling us where units of thought begin and end (among other things). It's nuanced, and it's more exactingthan our personal patterns of everyday speech make it out to be. #5 Math: Get Comfortable with Your Tools Review the formulas that will be given to you on the test, as well as those you'll need to have memorized. As for the ones in your test booklet, they're no good to you if you barely recognize them; get familiar with them. As for the rest, you'll be on your own on test day when you find you need them. Practice rearranging equations; there's alot of algebra on this test, and mathematical manipulation is one of the primary skills that the test-makerslook at. Make sure you're comfortable with your calculator. Even if you've been using it in math class, try it out on some of the math problems that you're drilling (right?). There are a few odd functions that'll come in handy, and you may or may not be familiar with them now. Also make sure your calculator is approved. Don't bring an abacus to the PSAT. Test-Taking Tips No matter how much studying you've done (or haven't done), there are a few solid principles that can make test day run much more smoothly. Warm Up the Morning Of Wake up, stretch, do your thingand then do a bit of a warm up. Review tricky practice problems that you've persevered in mastering, and try a fresh, new problem or two. Don't go beyond a simple warm-up, though: don't try to cram new material into your head. At best, it won't stick; at worst, it will muddle you up and stress you out. Feeling Panicky? Work It Out Self-talk is huge. How are you treating yourself? Kindly? Gently? Compassionately? Avoid being harsh or judgmental. Instead, affirm your assets: you've prepared, and you're ready. Put your game face on. Visualize the specifics of what's going to happenand how you're going to handle it all like a champ. Let's try not to end up like this guyhe's not eveninside the test center yet. Answer Every Question There's no guessing penalty, so you can'tlose anything by bubbling in a choice. Do what you know how to do first. Next, eliminate answers where you can. Then, guess away! Guess on everything that's left. Leave nothing blank. To use this technique to your especial advantage, take a moment to read about how to guess strategically. Test-Taking Tips #2 No matter how much studying you've done (or haven't done), there are a few solid principles that can make test day run much more smoothly. Warm Up the Morning Of Wake up, stretch, do your thingand then do a bit of a warm up. Review tricky practice problems that you've persevered in mastering, and try a fresh, new problem or two. Don't go beyond a simple warm-up, though: don't try to cram new material into your head. At best, it won't stick; at worst, it will muddle you up and stress you out. Feeling Panicky? Work It Out Self-talk is huge. How are you treating yourself? Kindly? Gently? Compassionately? Avoid being harsh or judgmental. Instead, affirm your assets: you've prepared, and you're ready. Put your game face on. Visualize the specifics of what's going to happenand how you're going to handle it all like a champ. Let's try not to end up like this guyhe's not eveninside the test center yet. Answer Every Question There's no guessing penalty, so you can'tlose anything by bubbling in a choice. Do what you know how to do first. Next, eliminate answers where you can. Then, guess away! Guess on everything that's left. Leave nothing blank. To use this technique to your especial advantage, take a moment to read about how to guess strategically. Test-Taking Tips #3 No matter how much studying you've done (or haven't done), there are a few solid principles that can make test day run much more smoothly. Warm Up the Morning Of Wake up, stretch, do your thingand then do a bit of a warm up. Review tricky practice problems that you've persevered in mastering, and try a fresh, new problem or two. Don't go beyond a simple warm-up, though: don't try to cram new material into your head. At best, it won't stick; at worst, it will muddle you up and stress you out. Feeling Panicky? Work It Out Self-talk is huge. How are you treating yourself? Kindly? Gently? Compassionately? Avoid being harsh or judgmental. Instead, affirm your assets: you've prepared, and you're ready. Put your game face on. Visualize the specifics of what's going to happenand how you're going to handle it all like a champ. Let's try not to end up like this guyhe's not eveninside the test center yet. Answer Every Question There's no guessing penalty, so you can'tlose anything by bubbling in a choice. Do what you know how to do first. Next, eliminate answers where you can. Then, guess away! Guess on everything that's left. Leave nothing blank. To use this technique to your especial advantage, take a moment to read about how to guess strategically. Test-Taking Tips #4 No matter how much studying you've done (or haven't done), there are a few solid principles that can make test day run much more smoothly. Warm Up the Morning Of Wake up, stretch, do your thingand then do a bit of a warm up. Review tricky practice problems that you've persevered in mastering, and try a fresh, new problem or two. Don't go beyond a simple warm-up, though: don't try to cram new material into your head. At best, it won't stick; at worst, it will muddle you up and stress you out. Feeling Panicky? Work It Out Self-talk is huge. How are you treating yourself? Kindly? Gently? Compassionately? Avoid being harsh or judgmental. Instead, affirm your assets: you've prepared, and you're ready. Put your game face on. Visualize the specifics of what's going to happenand how you're going to handle it all like a champ. Let's try not to end up like this guyhe's not eveninside the test center yet. Answer Every Question There's no guessing penalty, so you can'tlose anything by bubbling in a choice. Do what you know how to do first. Next, eliminate answers where you can. Then, guess away! Guess on everything that's left. Leave nothing blank. To use this technique to your especial advantage, take a moment to read about how to guess strategically. Conclusion It's always best to start any study program with plenty of time before an exam. When that doesn't happen, though, or when it's just not possible, some types of cramming are smarter than other types of cramming. When it comes to the PSAT, taking a practice test and drilling extra practice questions can give enormous benefits. Beyond that, a lot of it is reading and reviewing basic rules. Also, remember: you're going to be working hard, so it's especially important to take intentional care of yourself. What's Next? Learn about the score range associated with the PSAT, so you know what general kinds of numbers you might expect to see when scores come out. Wondering exactly when scoreswill come out? It's a great idea to check out the dates to look for. If you're not sure what agood score might look like, though, take a moment to read about why that's a more complicated question than it seems. Get a sense of what an appropriate goal would be for you, while you're at it. Don't repeat the procrastinate-and-cram cycle for the SAT; start preparing earlier next time around. Take practice tests, and consider an SAT preparation program: PrepScholar has a great, customized program developed by experts, complete with a score-improvement guarantee.

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I will upload the artical - Essay Example On the other hand, MM-GBSA is normally used in the computation of the free binding energy differences between the bound and the unbound states of solvated molecules. This paper seeks to critically discuss the MM-GB (PB) SA methods and their potential applications There are a number of alternative and competing methods to MM-GB (PB) some of which include free energy perturbation (FEP), multi-state Bennett acceptance ratio (MBAR) and thermodynamic integration (TI) among others [1]. Many people use these alternative methods due to their computational accuracy. However, compared to the other methods, MM-GBSA and MM-PBSA methods are more computationally efficient molecular modeling algorithms that are potentially quite useful in drug design particularly with regard to ranking drug binding affinity. Drug binding affinity ranking is critically important in computer aided drug design where it is normally used to facilitate the efficiency and accuracy of the routine identification of the possible candidates. This is particularly critical during the early stage stages of drug discovery [1]. Generally, Implicit solvents addresses the problem by representing solvent as a continuous medium as opposed to individual â€Å"explicit† solvent molecules in order to estimate free energy of solute-solvent interactions in structural and chemical processes some of which often include folding and conformational transitions of proteins. This can significantly help in the estimation of the contribution of each residue to the overall protein-ligand/protein binding; thereby helping in the identification of mutations that can potentially enhance the binding affinities of the protein complex. A number of previous researches have explored the potential reliability of using MM-GB(PB)SA in estimating ligand binding affinities of a series of structurally diverse inhibitors. On the other hand,

Historical and Theoretical Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Historical and Theoretical Studies - Essay Example Inevitably, within this changing cultural climate, design took on new guises and performed new roles. During the early postwar period, which was one of economic, social and cultural reconstruction in the industrialized world, design played a crucial, although usually silent, role. It became an important factor within two areas of postwar life; the first as part of the need to create a national identity for products on the international market and the second in the formation of mass culture - both of them highly significant aspects of the world history of the post-1945 period (Bonsiepe, 1965). Within this economic rebirth the manufacture and trade of goods played a major role. The reasons for this resurgence were complex but the strongest stimulus, in addition to the numerous social and economic changes that occurred in these years, was the rapid development of technology. Many advances had been made during the Second World War, including the development of radar and work in aircraft production which, in Britain, was sustained into the 1950s. Perhaps the most significant development of the late 1940s, however, was that of the transistor which made possible the miniaturization of electronic equipment, including computers, which in turn were to play such a central role in the postwar period, both in the automation of production and in information retrieval (Stearn, 1968). As a result of the numerous social, economic and technological changes that... The lesson presented by the prewar USA example that 'design sells' was learnt and digested and became one of the major strategies in most countries' programmes of industrial reconstruction and within international trading in the postwar period (Rogers, 1946). Design in postwar Italy was quick to develop into a highly sophisticated marketing exercise. Because its products were aimed from the beginning at a small, wealthy, international market, Italy was able to focus on quality and aesthetic innovation as the two defining characteristics of its consumer goods. This inevitably placed a strong emphasis on the role of the designers, giving them the sole responsibility of finding the right visual formula for the product. For the most part, disillusioned with prewar Rationalism because of its associations with fascism, they took their cue from contemporary fine art incorporating into many of their designs sensuous curves directly inspired by the abstract, organic sculpture of artists like Henry Moore, Hans Arp, Alexander Calder and Max Bill (qq.v.). The Turinese furniture designer, Carlo Mollino (q.v.), took this expressive aesthetic to an extreme in what he called his 'streamline surreal' tables and chairs. As a result of this pioneering work Italy, in particular Milan, soon became a centre for debate and discussion about progressive attitudes towards design, and the postwar Triennales, three-yearly exhibitions of design which had been initiated in the 1920s (Huisman and Patrix, 1968). Mollino was the most idiosyncratic of the Italian postwar furniture designers. Based in Turin rather than Milan where most furniture designing went on, he developed a personal style

The Effectiveness of Computer Applications in Second Language Research Paper

The Effectiveness of Computer Applications in Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition - Research Paper Example The following is a list of some of the factors that determine the number and choice of words a learner is expected to know when learning second language. According to your own understanding, which factor(s) are the most important? The following is a list of various approaches to second language vocabulary acquisition. According to your own evaluation, please indicate your ranking of their effectiveness by assigning them ranks from 1 to 4, where â€Å"1† is the most effective and â€Å"4† is the least effective Accelerated Reader is an example of computer application in second language vocabulary acquisition, in which many of the popular books and cloze tests are stored and used to check the children’s cognitive ability. Do you think this is a bright idea? If yes, check its relevance (Tick where appropriate) Computer technology also offers teachers the opportunity to present still pictures and motion videos to enable learners to make associations with new vocabulary. Please classify this technology according to the importance you attach to

Nature Of Competition Collusion And Pricing Airline Industry Economics Essay

Nature Of Competition Collusion And Pricing Airline Industry Economics Essay The enactment of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 eliminated price and entry regulation of the domestic airline industry. Since then the U.S. airline industry has grown tremendously. The US domestic market competes in an oligopoly landscapes. Hence there is certain level of barriers to competition. For example, control over the computerised reservation systems used by travel agents provided the majors with a powerful weapon for disadvantaging smaller competitors. American Airlines Sabre system and Uniteds Apollo system together accounted for three-quarters of all national computer reservation systems by the late 1980s. Control of this important avenue for travel agents to make reservations enabled the majors to discriminate against smaller firms in a variety of ways-from instituting screen bias favouring the on-screen presentation of the controlling firms flights, to charging exorbitant fees to other carriers for displaying their flights on these computer systems (transferring up wards of a half-billion dollars annually from the smallest to the largest carriers).[2] More recently, the Big Five carriers have joined together to collectively market their tickets online through their Orbitz Web site-an alliance that may enable them to better coordinate their non-competitive oligopoly pricing and to circumvent rules put into place to prevent them from anticompetitive using their computer reservation systems while, at the same time, disadvantaging competing distributors of air tickets.[3] Predatory Pricing Furthermore, dominant carriers were suppressing competition through predatory pricing. For example, when Spirit Airlines attempted to penetrate Northwests Detroit hub with a one-way Detroit-Philadelphia fare of $49, Northwest Airline responded by slashing its average fare on the route by 71% (from $170 to $49) and scheduling 30% more seats. Once Spirit abandoned the route, Northwest raised its fare to $230 and cut its seat capacity.[36] Similarly, when Frontier Airlines initiated service from Denver (United-dominated hub) to Billings, Montana, it offered an average $100 fare, half the prevailing fare charged by United. United slashed its fare to match Frontier; when Frontier exited the route, United raised its fare above its original level.[37] Collusion Collusion is a difficult game to play when the number of conspiring rivals is large. It is hard to keep a hundred firms in line when their cost structures differ, when their production facilities vary, and when some have an incentive to cheat on a price agreement or to violate output restrictions. Numbers make a difference. When numbers are large, conspiracies are difficult to organize, difficult to conceal, and difficult to enforce. However, public policy faces a serious challenge in oligopolistic industries like the case of the Airline industry where major carriers eschew outright collusion and rely instead on a course of conduct characterised as tacit collusion, or recognition of mutual interdependence to resemble the effects of outright conspiracy. The mechanics of tacit collusion is apparent particularly in an oligopoly market dominated by a few major players. Each carrier naturally recognises the mutual interdependence between it and its rivals. Carrier X knows that it if were to cut price in order to increase its market share, its aggression would immediately be detected by carriers Y and Z, which would respond with retaliatory price cuts of their own. Market shares would be unaffected, but all carriers would now operate at lower prices and profits. Henceforth, Carrier X cannot expect to increase its market share or revenue at the expense of its rivals. It cannot afford to calculate in terms of maximising its own profits in isolation but instead must constantly ask whether a particular decision on price or output will be not only in its own self-interest, but also in the best interests of its rivals. By recognising mutual oligopolistic interdependence, it must be concerned with group profits and group welfare. In other word, under oligopoly landscape, independent, aggressive, genuinely competitive behaviour is perceived as counterproductive-an irrational strategy for the individual carrier. In an oligopoly, groupthink will influence a carriers strategy when it is contemplating price increases as it cannot act alone. In other word, groupthink replaces the calculus of individual advantage, and each carrier must behave as a responsible member of the oligopoly group rather than as a reckless, self-seeking competitor. In oligopolies, this recognition of mutual interdependence may extend to non-price competition. For example, if carrier A refrains from aggressive price competition but seeks to increase its market share through aggressive innovation program, it cannot expect its rivals to sit idly by. It must expect them to increase their research efforts as a simple matter of self-defence, thereby nullifying its expected gains. Anticipating such retaliation which could erode oligopoly profits- carrier A might refrain from innovation for the same reasons it would avoid price-cutting. Rationality again commands responsible nonaggressive behaviours; the most effective profit-maximisation rule under oligopoly is to get ahead by getting along. Nevertheless, the level of oligopolistic interdependence and collusion varies from situation to situation. It depends on such factors as whether the oligopoly is tightly knit (small number of firms) or loosely knit (a larger number);whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous; whether it is symmetrical (having firms of roughly equal size) or asymmetrical (with one firm disproportionately larger); whether or not the industry is mature (having had time to develop its internal arrangements and institutions to promote cooperation); whether the industry is populated by reasonable managers or by a few mavericks. In the US domestic market, the advent of the Internet has increased the efficient of signaling or collusion. Carriers can see what the competition is doing immediately by going to the Internet that allow them to react quickly by adjusting their own prices. This is a far cry from the days when price books were set in type and could not be changed for months. Now most prices can be adjusted several times a day, if needed. Apparently, this is a game that the airlines are particularly adept at. As consumers have more transparent access to real-time flight pricing through online services like Orbitz, so the airlines are almost obligated to adjust to each other. This is particularly apparent on routes where there is no rogue player, like Southwest Airlines or JetBlue as they are (within limits) free to adjust prices upward. As long as the members of the oligopoly with real selling power tacitly agree that a major price war is not in their interest, chances are that prices can quickly readj ust themselves, keeping in mind the balance of costs and optimal prices for maintaining profitable sales levels. Nevertheless, the combined market share of the Big Five network airlines (Delta, United, American, US Airways, and Northwest ) that peaked in 1992 has been declining since deregulation [ *]. Furthermore, with the influx of several low-cost carriers, tacit collusion is becoming difficult to organize, conceal and enforce even though oligopolistic rationality and its collusive consequences are inevitable concomitants of oligopoly industry structure. Pricing Pricing is important for the carriers. If prices are too low or too high, it can drag down profits. Thus, it is important for the carriers to derive profitable airfares and discourages unprofitable one. To maximise profits, the carriers should set prices so that marginal revenue just equals marginal cost. In other words, it should use profit-maximising prices as the starting point. The economic model of pricing ****show diagram****, which is called marginal cost pricing, clearly identifies a pricing strategy that will maximise profits. This pricing strategy also identifies the information needed to set prices, thus simplifying the process. In other words, the profit-maximising price is where the incremental margin percentage equals the reciprocal of the absolute value of the price elasticity demand  [1]  [ **] Based on pricing rule, the carriers should adjust its price where there are changes in the price elasticity of demand or marginal cost since the carriers compete under oligopoly landscapes with homogeneous services. Airfares have dropped significantly over the years [***] since deregulation which helped to simulate competition resulting in the entrance of several low-cost carriers. This could partially due to regulator and oligopolies increase efficiencies, putting direct or indirect price pressure on their suppliers as well as putting pressure on the wages and benefits of their employees Hence there is growing belief is that oligopolies can be price-neutral as opposed to manipulating prices. The strategic variable for airline carrier is price in the short run. Generally without product and service differentiation, the basic service offered by the carriers would be homogeneous. Under the Bertrand model, the carriers which produce at constant marginal cost and compete aggressively on price in order to gain a bigger share of the market. Under such condition, the market equilibrium is perfectly competitive pricing. However, in a loosely knit oligopoly structure, the individual carrier has incentive to offer heterogeneous services. Through heterogeneous services, it can charge personalised pricing or group pricing based on passenger willing-to-pay to achieve higher profits. For example, if carrier X sells its airfares at a single, it loses in two ways. Firstly, some passenger would be willing to pay more than $100 for a ticket during the last hour of the flight. Secondly the carrier does not sell to passengers who are willing to pay more than $50 but less than $60. This is illustrated in the graphic below, where P=price and Q=quantity. By charging such passengers at different price, the carrier could profitably sell to a much larger passenger base. Furthermore, with differentiated services, should one carrier cut its price below other carriers price; it would take away only part of the other carriers entire demand. Thus, carriers should have strong incentive to differentiate its offering in order to raise their equilibrium prices. However, there is a risk of loosing the market if the services are not on par with its pricing and demand. The carriers must balance their desire for market share at the same time avoid head-to-head price competition since the less differentiation in their services, the more direct will be in price competition among them and the lower would be incremental margins.