A Review and Evaluation of Current Weight Control/Loss Interventions

there is much debate regarding the most effective system of treating corpulency. Most of the look for has been done on adults however, research is increasingly being done on children and adolescents as the prevalence of fleshiness in this population increases.Treatment of obesity includes umteen different methods, including various fodderary, exercise, and behavioral noises, medication, and surgery. A study by Barlow, Trowbridge, Klish, and Dietz (2002) looked at various interventions recommended to incubusinessy children and adolescents by different health c be providers.The most common interventions recommended by health care providers include changes in eating patterns and limiting specific foods. Less frequently recommended interventions were low-fat fodders and modest calorie restrictions.Very infrequently recommended interventions were precise low-calorie diets and commercial diets. Several health care providers likewise listed fruit and vegetables, portion contro l, increase irrigate, fiber, and learn to detect hunger and fullness levels as other interventions that they recommended. In the adolescent population, the most frequently recommended dietary intervention by all types of health care providers questioned was limiting specific foods.All types of health care providers were as well as high schoolly likely to recommend increasing fleshly activity and limiting sedentary behaviors as physical activity interventions. Very few health care providers recommended medication, appetite suppressants, herbal remedies, or incubus tone ending surgery.The current consensus is that the most effective fish loss and maintenance treatment includes a combination of thermal restriction, increased physical activity, and behavioral therapy, with extended treatment contact, free weight loss satisfaction, and social support impart to positive long-term outcomes in both obese adults and children (Williamson & Stewart, 2005).Diets and Problems Associat ed with DietingThe increased pressure to alleviate the obesity pandemic led to a boom in the diet industry. Twenty-five percent of men and 45% of women are currently trying to mislay weight, equating to slightly 71 million Americans (Newstarget.com, 2005). In 1996, consumers spent $70 million annually in health care costs, and an additional $33 one million million per year, trying to lose weight or prevent the return of weight gain (Chatzky, 2002).In 2004, those values rose to $100 billion spent annually on health-care cost, and the US weight loss market value rose to $46.3 billion annually (Newstarget.com, 2005). Dieting products and services range from $1.29 for Slim-Fast bars up to $25,000 for gastric bypass (Chatzky, 2002) with the number of bariatric surgeries totaling about 140,000 procedures in 2003 (Newstarget.com, 2005).Sales of over-the-counter diet and herbal supplements totaled $16.8 billion in 2000 (Kane, 2001) and are expected to nonplus 11.5% to approximated $70 3 million by 2008 (NewsTarget.com, 2008).Diet drugs have been around for over 35 years but became generally authorized in the medical community by the first 1990s. The FDA has approved several treatments as clinically effective (i.e. sibutramine and orlistat) for those individuals with a BMI 30 or BMI 27-29 with one or to a greater extent obesity related co-morbidity (ADA, 1997). There are amphetamine-like derivates operational for short-term use but weight gain often occurs once discontinued.The risks associated with obesity drugs are neurotoxicity, primary quill pulmonary hypertension, and becoming reliant on the medication as opposed to making desired good for you(p) lifestyle changes (ADA, 2002). Many of the overthecounter products have no proven efficacy or short- or long-term weight loss (ADA, 2002).Many Americans have turned to various fast methods as weight control measures, leading to the yo-yo dieting affect, ultimately contributing to the ever-increasing obesity ra tes.Commercial structured programs, such(prenominal) as burthen Watchers, Jenny Craig and LA Weight Loss, are common approaches followed due to their convenience and support system. It is estimated that 7.1 million American frequent these commercial weight loss centers and their revenues are expected to grow 11% to $2 billion annually by 2008 (Newstarget.com, 2008).Miller (1999) performed a study to examine the history and effectiveness of diet and exercise in obesity therapy and to determine the high hat approach for future interventions.He summarized the dieting trends throughout the years with the initial strategy of the late 1950s to early 1960s focused on total fasting, which brought about quick weight loss but also increased risk of death due to serious loss of lean muscle mass and electrolytes. By the late 1960s to early 1970s, the emergence of the high protein/low carbohydrate diets became popular.These involved a diet with 5-10% of energy calories from carbohydrate and a sequelant high fat content (50-70% of calories) which relied on the high protein foods to sully muscle catabolism and the low carbohydrate level to maintain a state of ketosis to theoretically increase fat burning (Miller 1999).The side effects ranged from nausea, hyperuricemia, fatigue and refeeding edema. In the mid 1970s, the trend shifted towards really low calorie liquid diets (VLCD) with 300-400 kcal/day, which caused obvious weight loss through muscle catabolism and water release.The FDA terminated the use of this diet since ventricular arrhythmias resulted in 58 deaths. In the 1980s, the VLCD made a revival but at the level of 450-500 kcal/day, with fat content of 2-18% of total calories, and up to 800 kcal/day for those individuals who were more active. gallbladder disease and cardiac problems surfaced as side effects of this diet (Miller 1999).The low calorie commercial franchised programs such as Jenny Craig and Nutri/Systems arose in the 1980s as well. Meals were pr e-packaged with 1100-1200 kcal/day with the breakdown of energy approximately at 20% from protein, 20% from fat and 60% from carbohydrate.These programs found improved compliance compared to the VLCD, however a kindred health risk was found to negatively impact the heart. Since the 1980s, numerous dieting books have hit the stores with many best sellers (i.e. Pritkins and Fit for Life).Despite the increased dieting trends, Miller (1999) noted that the NHANES determined the percentage of fat from kilocalories has dropped in the American diet but total energy has increased, particularly from refined or added sugars in the diet in addition, obese individuals tend to consume less dietary fiber.Most people have attempted more than one diet method in their weight loss attempts with the average attempting a new method twice a year (FTC, 1997). Miller (1999) found that over the past 40 years, most dieting techniques cycle in and out of popularity and that many are actually hazardous to the health.Miller summarized that the scientific community entropy indicated that a 15-week diet or diet plus exercise program led to a weight loss of about 11 kg in which 60-80% of the weight lost was kept off later on one year, although most studies had limited long-term follow-up data and those available suggest that relapse to pre-diet weight typically occurred after 3-5 years. Many of the diets were difficult to assess due to their high dropout rates (some as high as 80%).Nutrition education and behavior modification programs, to include community education programs, worksite interventions, and home proportionateness courses, typically resulted in 10 kg weight loss with a 33% and 95% post-diet weight relapse at three and five years respectively.The commercial weight loss industry supplied lesser data over the last two decades, with much of it proclaimed scientifically inadequate due to weensy sample size, high dropout rates, poor study design and inadequate follow-up periods. Of the physician-directed programs, most did not result in a desired weight loss but better control of some of the co-morbidities associated with obesity (diabetes, CVD, etc.) (FTC, 1997).